International law is the metric of historical sovereignty over the land of historic Palestine. That is the best metric we have:

Resolutions 181, the vote on Israel's admission to the UN, Resolution 242, Resolution 338

The UN General Assembly passed Resolution 181 on November 29, 1947. The resolution was never considered by the UN Security Council because it implied that the Security Council would need to use military force to implement it.

Resolution 181, also known as the Partition Resolution, recommended dividing Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states.

The resolution called for the city of Jerusalem to be governed by a special international regime.

The resolution was adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. The Jewish side accepted the resolution, but the Arabs rejected it and launched a war against the Jewish state.

The resolution was non-binding and was never legally consummated.

UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), an inquiry committee made up of members from 11 countries. Ultimately, UNSCOP delivered two proposals: that of the majority, which recommended two separate states joined economically, and that of the minority, which supported the formation of a single binational state made up of autonomous Jewish and Palestinian areas. The Jewish community approved of the first of these proposals, while the Arabs opposed them both.

The United Nations General Assembly approved Israel's application for admission to the UN on May 11, 1949. The vote was 37 in favor, 12 against, and 9 abstentions. The resolution passed by the required two-thirds majority. The critical affirmative votes were the US and USSR of the Security Council. China abstained (substantively an affirmative given “Taiwan” breaking away) as well as the UK and France (substantively an affirmative given their previous imperial rule [colonization] of the territory under dispute). Security Council approval is not needed for admitting new member nations to the UN but the United Nations Security Council's recommendation is necessary. The General Assembly makes the decision to admit new members after the Security Council's recommendation.

The United Nations (UN) Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 242 on November 22, 1967. The resolution was adopted in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, which was fought primarily between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.

The resolution established the principles that were to guide the negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement. It called for the “withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict”.

The resolution was carefully negotiated, over a period of some five months. Israel and the Arab States were consulted throughout the negotiating process. Subsequently, Israel and the Arab States agreed to accept the recommendations

The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 338:

Date: October 22, 1973

Vote: 14 to 0, with China not participating

Content: Called for a ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War within 12 hours

Acceptance: Accepted by Egypt and Israel on October 22, but not by Syria

The resolution was adopted during an emergency session of the Security Council. It was based on a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. The resolution also called for the implementation of Resolution 242 in all its parts.

Most UN resolutions are not legally binding, but they may create obligations for states and have a certain status of law.

Exchanged land for peace in 1978 with the Israel-Egypt peace treaty. Returned Sinai, which has oil, btw. Sadat assassinated.

Constant rejection of Israel’s existence no matter what the auspices and gravitas of international law

Camp David 2000 offer of land for peace following the Oslo Accords, which reaffirmed the imperative of peaceful resolution based on resolution 242. Rejected.

History begins in 1918

The British Mandate for Palestine lasted from 1918 to 1948

1947 partition plan of the United Nations

Israel declared its independence in this green area: 55%.

More details on the poulations that would've populated the Jewish and Arab states.

After 1948 invasion by Arab countries, the map: Israel grew to 77% of Palestine territory

1967, 1979

Israel's population. How Jewish is it?

2005 withdrawal from Gaza.

Gaza-Israel conflict starts in 2005. 2006-2007 critical in the blockade imposed by Israel and Egypt

The 2008/9 (Dec-Jan) Gaza War

How the 2014 war started

The last Israel-Hamas conflict: The 2014 Gaza War. What do civilian deaths mean?. Counting missiles; missile capability and defense; consequences of no missile defense or of greater missile capability

Two founding documents: Israel's Declaration of Independence and What is Hamas? It's own 1988 founding charter tells us: Islamist rule, martyrdom for all under its rule, and annihilation of Jews

Hamas operates on three principles: Islamism, martyrdom and genocide. Everyone's a martyr and the Jews must be destroyed.

Arabs have greater freedom to form political parties in Israel than in all 22 Arab nations.

Arabs fill a substantial number of freely elective seats in the Israeli Knesset. This is not the case for legislatures in all 22 Arab nations. Minimum of 10% seats held by Arab political parties in every Knesset session.

An Arab political party was crticial in the removal of Benjamin Netanyahu from the office of Prime Minister. An Arab political party for the first time joined a ruling coalition in Israel to do that.

https://time.com/6073019/mansour-abbas-arab-israel-coalition-government/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election

Arab with full civil liberites protections under the laws and having brought many claims of discrimination to the Supreme Court.

Freedom House measures of Arab freedom and prosperity:

https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map?type=fiw&year=2023

https://data.worldbank.org/country/israel

https://data.worldbank.org/region/arab-world

https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PSE